Dossier
Boar taint
Boar taint is an unpleasant odour that sometimes occurs in the meat of boars (male pigs) if they have not been castrated. Some 30 to 40 years ago, 20-30% of all non-castrated boars had this odour but these days only about 3-4% have it. Although this percentage has decreased sharply and many consumers have difficulty in recognising boar taint, this odour has to be completely absent for purposes of international trade.
Cause of boar taint
The pheromone androstenone and amino-acid decomposition products skatole and indole are responsible for boar taint. This unpleasant odour only becomes noticeable when the meat is cooked. Over the years, pigs have become meatier with less fat, which is where boar taint more often occurs.
Methods to eliminate boar taint
Wageningen UR Livestock Research and LEI are collaborating with other European companies and research institutes to investigate the most effective way of reducing boar taint.
Castration
Until recently pig farmers castrated all male piglets to prevent boar taint but support for this measure has decreased. Castration is distressing for the animals even though it has taken place under anaesthetic since 2009 at the insistence of supermarkets. Furthermore, it is unpleasant for the pig farmers to perform and it reduces pig productivity. Due to the presence of male hormones, untreated pigs grow faster than castrated pigs given the same amount of feed. Because the EU has 100 million male pigs in any year, that means a total saving on feed of 30 million tonnes, around six euros per pig. The Netherlands will stop castrating piglets by 2015 at the latest. This is the decision taken by partners in the pork supply chain in 2007. In 2009 all the meat sold in Dutch supermarkets came from castrated boars. By 1 January 2014 no meat from castrated boars was available for sale.
Breeding programmes
The number of non-castrated boars with boar taint has decreased substantially due to breeding programmes. The 3-4% of boars that still have the strange odour do not reach the consumer in the form of fresh meat.
Assessors
Specially trained assessors burn a selected area of the skin of a carcass with a soldering iron to investigate the presence of boar taint in carcasses that go through pig slaughter lines. The assessors’ trained noses can detect boar taint. That meat is then used for cold meat products, in which the odour does not pose a problem.
Good management
Furthermore, good management can reduce the number of cases of boar taint. A suitable feed composition is important but so is good hygiene. Because substances such as skatole and indole in the manure can enter the meat via the skin, it is essential to remove manure effectively and to provide dry lying areas.
Related content
Projects
Monographs
- Boars on the way: result of the 5 year Dutch research programme 'Boars heading or 2018'
- Removing the tain: Bottlenecks and possible directions for a solution in the marketing of the meat of non-castrated male pigst
- Welfare aspects of the castration of pigletts" : scientific report of the Scientific Panel for Animal Health and Welfare on a request from the Commission related to welfare aspects of the castration of piglet
Publications
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Consumer acceptance of minced meat patties from boars in four European countries
Meat Science 137 (2018). - ISSN 0309-1740 - p. 235 - 243.
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IoF2020 - the Internet of Meat: towards applications of Internet of Things in the meat supply chain
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Effect van een kruidenextract op berengeur, agressief en seksueel gedrag bij biologische varkens
Wageningen : Wageningen Livestock Research (Wageningen Livestock Research rapport 1011) - p.
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Evaluation of producing and marketing entire male pigs
NJAS Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences 76 (2016). - ISSN 1573-5214 - p. 29 - 41.
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Asian low-androstenone haplotype on pig chromosome 6 does not unfavorably affect production and reproduction traits.
Animal Genetics 45 (2014)6. - ISSN 0268-9146 - p. 874 - 877.
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Boar taint in entire male pigs: A genomewide association study for direct and indirect genetic effects on androstenone.
Journal of Animal Science 92 (2014)10. - ISSN 0021-8812 - p. 4319 - 4328.
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Effect van fokwaarde voor berengeur op het gedrag en berengeur van beren : Effect of genetic background for boar taint on the behaviour and boar taint of boars
Wageningen : Wageningen UR Livestock Research (Rapport / Wageningen UR Livestock Research 808) - p.
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On the relationship between an Asian haplotype on chromosome 6 that reduces androstenone levels in boars and the differential expression of SULT2A1 in the testis
BMC Genetics 15 (2014). - ISSN 1471-2156
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Effect of tasting and information on consumer opinion about pig castration
Meat Science 95 (2013)2. - ISSN 0309-1740 - p. 242 - 249.
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Farm and management characteristics associated with boar taint
Animal 7 (2013)11. - ISSN 1751-7311 - p. 1841 - 1848.