Next Generation Risk Assessment of Androgens and Estrogens

Summary

To assure safe levels of human exposure to chemicals, in toxicological risk assessment advances are made to shift from using animal-based to animal-free testing strategies. This is fueled by ethical, economic, and legislative issues and the scientific rationale that experimental animals do not adequately represent the human body and animal test guidelines may not cover human pathologies. In Next Generation Risk Assessment (NGRA), the development and use of non-animal based new approach methodologies aims not to assure human safety, eliminating the need for animal data. The aim of this thesis was to perform NGRA to inform human-relevant safe levels of chemical exposure, integrating in vitro-in silico approaches for chemicals with putative (anti)androgenic and/or estrogenic effects.