MSc thesis topics by Supervisor Federico Andreotti F (Federico) Andreotti Promovendus Msc thesis subject: Mapping and linking quinoa-based farming systems to landscape in the Peruvian Altiplano 03 May 2019 - Student information - Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) was domesticated more than 7000 years ago in the Andes and today farmers including indigenous Quechua and Aymara... Ioannis Athanasiadis prof.dr. I (Ioannis) Athanasiadis Professor Msc thesis subject: Big data geospatial analytics with Apache Spark 17 May 2017 - Student information - Today, technologies are changing very fast to cope with the ever-increasing volume and velocity of data. Big data methods and tools is a disruptive... MSc Thesis topic: Explainable AI for regional crop yield forecasting 29 April 2021 - Thesis subject - This project aims to investigate how deep learning can be used with data from the European Commission’s MARS Crop Yield Forecasting System and... MSc Thesis topic: Improving regional crop yield forecasting with socio-economic data 29 April 2021 - Thesis subject - This project aims to evaluate the benefit of Common Agricultural Policy Regional Impact (CAPRI) data for regional crop yield forecasting. CAPRI data... MSc thesis subject: Machine learning for ecosystem service models 12 May 2020 - Student information - Ecosystem service models support these policies, but they are generally poorly validated, especially at large scales, which undermines their... MSc thesis subject: Tracking progress on climate change adaptation across spatial scales 12 May 2020 - Student information - Climate impacts are felt across the globe. Adapting to climate risks is critical to prevent negative impacts. Although many of these impacts have been... MSc thesis subject: Transfer learning using crop time series data 12 May 2020 - Student information - Transfer learning is proven to be an effective way to incrementally learn with limited data, mostly in image applications. However, there are cases... Harm Bartholomeus dr. HM (Harm) Bartholomeus Universitair docent MSc thesis topic: Added value of MLS for systematic forest inventories 04 May 2021 - Thesis subject - The Dutch Forest Inventory is repeated every ~5 years, where for a large number of plots many forestry parameters are measured manually. The use of... MSc thesis topic: Importance of camera calibration for UAV-based photogrammetry 30 April 2021 - Thesis subject - Over the last years the use of photogrammetry from UAV acquired imagery has grown massively. The availability of small, cheap, high quality cameras... MSc thesis topic: Optimizing UAV flight patterns for forest reconstruction – comparison with UAV LiDAR 30 April 2021 - Thesis subject - Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are used more and more to measure forest properties like tree height and canopy openness. LiDAR is the most direct way... MSc thesis topic: Use of Terrestrial Laser Scanning to update form factors for Dutch forests 30 April 2021 - Thesis subject - Sustainable forest management requires a good measurement of standing timber volumes and volume increment rates. Tree volumes are estimated from... Benjamin Brede B (Benjamin) Brede PhD Onderzoeker MSc thesis subject: Building a Raspberry Pi Prototype for Continuous Forest Canopy Monitoring 17 May 2019 - Student information - Digital Hemispherical Photography (DHP) is a favoured technique to measure Plant Area Index (PAI) in forests. However, continuous measurements are... MSc thesis topic: Counting the trees of the Netherlands with AHN 04 February 2021 - Student information - The Algemeen Hoogtebestand Nederland (AHN) is an open airborne lidar (ALS) dataset that covers the whole of the Netherlands and was mainly of value... Msc thesis subject: Individual tree detection and segmentation with Terrestrial Lidar point clouds of tropical forests 08 April 2020 - Student information - Point clouds of forests acquired with Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) contain a wealth of information on tree structural properties. However,... Sytze de Bruin dr.ir. S (Sytze) de Bruin associate professor MSc thesis subject: Model-based accuracy assessment of mapped global forest biomass (changes) 06 May 2019 - Student information - Knowledge about global forest biomass is very important within the context of climatic change processes, mitigating actions and (financial)... MSc thesis subject: Path planning and route planning for autonomous agricultural vehicles 06 May 2019 - Student information - Soil compaction is an important problem in modern agriculture. Agricultural machines tend to become larger and heavier which may severely damage soil... MSc thesis subject: Smart Emission: fitness-for-purpose and geostatistical analysis of sensor data 06 May 2019 - Student information - “Smart Emission” is a research project executed by a consortium of Dutch knowledge institutes, government, (ICT- and sensor) companies... Sarah Carter dr. SL (Sarah) Carter Onderzoeker MSc thesis topic: Prioritizing research challenges for satellite-date related forest monitoring 05 March 2021 - Thesis subject - Capacities for forest monitoring are increasing, however monitoring tropical forests in order to fulfil the monitoring requirements of international... MSc thesis topic: Use of Early Warning forest disturbance data in the Republic of Congo 05 March 2021 - Thesis subject - Globally forests are important for the provision of goods and services such as carbon storage and watershed protection. Donors such as the World Bank... MSc thesis topic: Using Global Biomass datasets to support Project monitoring in the Amazon 05 March 2021 - Thesis subject - Globally forests are important for the provision of goods and services such as carbon storage and watershed protection. Donors such as the World Bank... Na Chen N (Na) Chen Promovendus MSc thesis topic: Assessing drivers of forest regrowth in South America 14 April 2021 - Thesis subject - Various factors affect the forest regrowth rate after disturbances. Understanding what influences forest regrowth rate after disturbances are of great... Jan Clevers dr.ir. JGPW (Jan) Clevers Associate Professor Msc thesis subject: Using Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 for mapping crop emergence 20 April 2020 - Student information - This topic deals with the mapping of the moment of emergence of various agricultural crops (in the Netherlands). This information is crucial for crop... Msc thesis subject: Using Sentinel-2 for monitoring grazing activities in the Netherlands 20 April 2020 - Student information - This topic deals with the mapping and monitoring of grasslands in the Netherlands, particularly the difference between using it for grazing by cattle... MSc thesis topic: Using Sentinel-2 to assess the damage of Sargassum brown tides to mangroves 30 April 2021 - Thesis subject - The massive arrival and decomposition of Sargassum on tropical shores leads to anoxia and the release of toxic compounds. These conditions have a... Lukasz Grus dr.ir. L (Lukasz) Grus Assistant Professor Geo-information Science; Education Coordinator Data Science , Medewerker onderwijsontwikkeling MSc thesis subject: Ethics in Geo-infromation Science. Building a framework for considering the issues of ethical and moral aspects of using location data 19 December 2018 - Student information - Ethical aspects of information use becomes an increasingly relevant topic in many data-reach fields of science. As a digital society we create... MSc Thesis subject: Evaluate AgroDataCube usability for Agro/Food application use cases 28 May 2018 - Student information - (Open) big data offer research and business community opportunities to explore and create new insights in environmental domains by using data science... MSc thesis subject: Impact of open geodata 15 April 2014 - Thesis subject - The last decade and increasing number of data has been made available as open data. The majority of this data are geospatial. Governmental... Ilan Havinga I (Ilan) Havinga MSc Promovendus , Promovendus Gerard Heuvelink prof.dr.ir. GBM (Gerard) Heuvelink Professor , Externe medewerker MSc thesis subject: Digital soil mapping with uncertain data 15 May 2017 - Student information - Digital soil mapping (DSM) is defined as the ‘computer-assisted production of digital maps of soil type and soil properties, by use of... MSc thesis topic: Greenhouse gas emissions: measuring very often or measuring really good? 19 May 2021 - Thesis subject - Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a very potent greenhouse gas, on a molecular based approx.. 300 times as strong as CO2. Agricultural emissions of N2O are... MSc thesis subject: Random Forest spatial interpolation 20 March 2020 - Student information - Machine learning techniques are used increasingly for spatial interpolation. This is because the number of covariates that help explain the spatial... MSc thesis subject: Uncertainty propagation in global soil organic carbon stock estimation 15 May 2017 - Student information - There is much worldwide interest in accurate estimation of the global soil organic carbon stock. This is because soil carbon storage can help mitigate... Alexander Klippel prof.dr. AKAJ (Alexander) Klippel Professor MSc thesis topic: Embodied digital twins of de Speulderbos: remote sensing, drones, and game engines for understanding and communicating environmental information. 25 May 2021 - Thesis subject - Remote sensing provides opportunities to access and model environmental data with increasing precision and through the lens of different sensors. For... Lammert Kooistra dr.ir. L (Lammert) Kooistra Associate Professor MSc thesis topic: Detecting Colorado Potato Beetles from the air with remote sensing and artificial intelligence 10 March 2021 - Thesis subject - With the challenge of reducing pesticide use, early detection and monitoring of crop pests is essential in controlling pest dynamics. Colorado potato... MSc thesis topic: Detecting Reindeer Carrion in the Arctic Tundra of Svalbard 10 March 2021 - Thesis subject - Dead organic matter comprises the basal trophic level of many food webs globally and promotes biodiversity and ecosystem stability. Dead organic... MSc thesis topic: Integrated Land Monitoring 10 March 2021 - Thesis subject - Phenomics is an area of biology and crop science concerned with the measurement of phenomes - the physical and biochemical traits of organisms - as... MSc thesis topic: Modelling plant-height, growth and canopy dynamics using UAV Remote-Sensing 10 March 2021 - Thesis subject - Plant responses to biotic and abiotic legacies left in soil by preceding plants is known as plant–soil feedback (PSF). Most PSF studies are... Ron van Lammeren dr.ir. RJA (Ron) van Lammeren Associate professor MSc thesis topic: Citizens Science Mosquito data | Mosquito: Yes or No 17 February 2021 - Thesis subject - For the last three year a citizens science project in the Netherlands collects Mosquito data. This project is a multipurpose one because the research... MSc thesis subject: Does the Shoreface change? 07 June 2016 - Student information - The Dutch coastal line is monitored for at least 50 years by high precision bathymetry. This bathymetry data is called Jarkus. MSc thesis subject: Geo-Visualisation - Mapping Mental Maps 28 May 2013 - Thesis subject - Mental maps are widely used to study human behaviour and preferences and appear frequently in literature of environmental perception. The production... MSc thesis subject: Hostile ground or valuable land? Bog ownership and value according to the 1830 cadastral mapping 06 July 2018 - Student information - Raised bogs (hoogvenen) are peat moss-dominated wetlands consisting of organic soils, and once covered large parts of Northwest Europe and the Low... MSc thesis subject: Participatory Planning - Role of augmented reality 29 May 2013 - Thesis subject - Due to the latest mobile technology and web developments augmented reality becomes a serious option for participatory planning. Discussing and... MSc thesis subject: Public space in urban configuration - the greening factor 29 May 2013 - Thesis subject - The role of GIS analysis in landscape architecture and city planning is still rather limited compared with landscape planning. In previous decennia... MSc thesis subject: Spatial Dimensions of the Moving City of Amsterdam 11 May 2016 - Student information - The topic of Health is a big issue for a city like Amsterdam. A vital city requires a healthy and active population. This can be strongly influenced... MSc thesis topic: Spatial quality and Solar Panel Farms 17 February 2021 - Thesis subject - The Netherlands faces considerable challenges while aiming to reduce greenhouse gas emissions with 95% by 2050. Solar energy will play an important... MSc thesis topic: Spatio-temporal patterns of the shoreface morphology | what critical events may impact the Dutch shoreface 17 February 2021 - Thesis subject - The sandy coastline that protects the Dutch hinterland is monitored for many decennia. A data set collected for this purpose is the Jarkus data set... 12Next Alvaro Lau Sarmiento dr.ir. AI (Alvaro) Lau Sarmiento MSc Onderzoeker MSc thesis topic: Comparing structure in an Evergreen coniferous forest using mobile and terrestrial LiDAR 14 April 2021 - Thesis subject - Pointclouds of forests acquired with LiDAR systems contain information on structural properties. The quality of the pointcloud differs between... MSc thesis subject: Deriving tree parameters for functional Structural Plant (FSP) models from Terrestrial LiDAR point clouds. 27 August 2020 - Student information - Point clouds of trees scanned with Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) can be analysed to estimate tree structural properties. Nowadays, algorithms allow... MSc thesis subject: Inventory stem map alignment based on T-LiDAR based map 04 May 2016 - Student information - Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) has been proposed as a suitable technique for mapping forest. A number of parameters can be derived from these 3D... MSc thesis topic: Understanding occlusion in an Evergreen coniferous forest at different height levels using terrestrial LiDAR 14 April 2021 - Thesis subject - Pointclouds of forests acquired with terrestrial LiDAR (TLS) contain information on structural properties of the forest, and individual trees.... MSc thesis topic: Understanding tree parameters from filtered and unfiltered tropical trees. 14 April 2021 - Thesis subject - Pointclouds of forests acquired with terrestrial LiDAR (TLS) contain information on structural properties. Currently, a few segmentation algorithms... Msc thesis subject: What do trees tell us about drought? 17 July 2019 - Student information - Trees play an important role in the water cycle at local, regional and global scales. Information on tree water status gives valuable information on... Alex Levering AH (Alex) Levering MSc Promovendus , Promovendus MSc thesis topic: Understanding and removing biases from Deep Learning 30 April 2021 - Thesis subject - In the past decade, deep learning models have made it possible to analyze and understand image datasets made up of thousands to millions of images.... Arend Ligtenberg dr.ir. A (Arend) Ligtenberg Assistant Professor MSc thesis subject: Exploring new means of visualizing spatial (temporal) data (joint project with WANDER) 26 June 2020 - Student information - Wageningen Environmental Research is working on the realization of a Visualization Laboratory WANDER (Wageningen lANDscape sEnsory laboRatory). This... Msc thesis subject: Perception of Places in an Urban context 04 October 2019 - Student information - The goal is to get insight in de development and dynamics of places amongst different groups of people as well as the effects of (mass) tourism and/or... Diego Marcos Gonzalez D (Diego) Marcos Gonzalez PhD Onderzoeker MSc Thesis topic: eTaxonomist: Explainable AI for biodiversity classification 29 April 2021 - Thesis subject - With an estimated 50% of animal species yet to be discovered, and many going extinct before they are ever described, it is more important than ever to... MSc Thesis topic: Mapping habitat suitability in the Netherlands with Machine Learning 29 April 2021 - Thesis subject - Wageningen University & Research develops and maintains the Model for Nature Policy (MNP), which is one of the key tools available to policy... MSc thesis topic: Mapping the Location of Greenhouses in Kenya with Machine Learning 04 May 2021 - Thesis subject - Globalization has led to a radical transformation of the trade in food and other agricultural products over the last decades, with repercussions on... Dainius Masiliūnas D (Dainius) Masiliunas MSc PhD researcher , Docent MSc thesis subject: Comparison of land cover change detection methods at a global scale 30 April 2020 - Student information - Land cover change monitoring is essential for sound policymaking and keeping track of what effects policies have over time. Automatic land cover... MSc thesis topic: How well can we update land cover fraction maps? 18 May 2021 - Thesis subject - Land cover fractions are a new way to represent land cover. Each fraction is an indication of how much area of the pixel is occupied by that land... Msc thesis subject: Land cover fraction map yearly updating and visualisation techniques 03 May 2019 - Student information - Land cover change often times happens gradually over time, and land cover fraction mapping and updating aims to express this change in a more precise... Robert Masolele RN (Robert) Masolele MSc Promovendus , Promovendus MSc Thesis topic: Classifying drivers of deforestation in Ethiopia using Deep learning and planet Imagery 29 April 2021 - Thesis subject - Forest loss in Ethiopia continues to increase annually and contributes to the global increase in greenhouse gas emissions. Determining the direct... Milutin Milenković dr. M (Milutin) Milenkovic Onderzoeker Adugna Mullissa dr. AG (Adugna) Mullissa Onderzoeker MSc thesis topic: Sentinel data and deep learning for cocoa mapping in West Africa 24 March 2021 - Thesis subject - West Africa is the world's second-largest tropical rainforest and presents favorable environments for cocoa plants. Due to highly valued nutritional... Hiske Overweg HC (Hiske) Overweg Onderzoeker MSc thesis topic: Feature elimination for pasture growth models with Bayesian Neural Networks 09 April 2021 - Thesis subject - While neural networks can give good prediction accuracy, they often behave as black boxes, which makes it hard to determine which parts of the input... MSc thesis topic: Machine learning techniques for automatic calibration of crop growth models 09 April 2021 - Thesis subject - Once experimental field data has been obtained, calibrating crop growth models is a labour intensive tasks requiring detailed domain knowledge.... Johannes Reiche J (Johannes) Reiche PhD Assistant Professor MSc thesis topic: A comparative assessment of satellite-based forest disturbance alerts for Insular Southeast Asia 25 March 2021 - Thesis subject - An alarming rate of forest disturbances strongly increases the pressure on tropical forest ecosystems. Insular Southeast Asia, home to the third... MSc thesis topic: Characterising RADD forest disturbance alerts using high resolution Planet data 25 March 2021 - Thesis subject - Timely information on deforestation is crucial to effectively manage and protect forest resources in the tropics. Poorly managed and illegal... Frida Ruiz Mendoza FA (Frida) Ruiz Mendoza MSc Docent MSc thesis topic: Immersive Technologies for Geo-Spatial Planning 10 March 2021 - Thesis subject - AR/VR is ideal for communication, collaboration and facilitates a better understanding of environments in finer detail. This is particularly useful... MSc thesis topic: Impact of avocado orchards growth, water consumption and deforestation in Michoacán, Mexico. 21 June 2021 - Thesis subject - Avocados have gained popularity worldwide in the past years. Avocado trees are indigenous in Central Mexico, where volcanic soils and a tropical... Jalal Samia dr. J (Jalal) Samia Externe medewerker Erika Speelman dr.ir. EN (Erika) Speelman Universitair hoofddocent Msc thesis subject: Agent-based simulation of the forest-water-people nexus 17 June 2019 - Student information - Approximately half of the human population needs to cope with too much, too little and/or low quality water. The complex relationships between... MSc thesis subject: Assessing the impact of land use and land cover changes on water availability, Mt. Elgon Water tower, Uganda 14 October 2020 - Student information - Overlapping the international boundary between Uganda and Kenya, the Mt. Elgon watershed contributes to the waters of Lake Victoria, the Nile River... MSc thesis subject: Gaming for active participation in (local) landscape planning 11 May 2018 - Student information - Participatory gaming is an upcoming method increasingly being used for supporting and exploring (collective) decision-making processes in complex... Niki de Sy dr. V (Niki) de Sy Assistant Professor MSc thesis subject: Earth Observation data to monitor quality and connectivity of the habitats for farmland birds 27 August 2020 - Student information - In addition to providing food, fibre and biomass, agriculture can deliver a variety of ecosystem services, like biodiversity conservation and carbon... MSc Thesis topic: Spatially-explicit drivers of forest recovery in the Brazilian amazon in the last 3 decades 30 April 2021 - Thesis subject - Understanding the dynamics of forest cover, which steeply decreased between 1985 and 2018 throughout Brazil, is essential for estimating the global... Ximena Tagle Casapi MX (Maria Ximena) Tagle Casapia MSc thesis subject: Estimating above ground biomass of palms in tropical forests using RGB UAV imagery 06 May 2019 - Student information - Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) provide a flexible method for acquiring high-resolution imagery with relative simple operation and cost-effectiveness,... MSc thesis subject: Linking UAV and satellite imagery with forest ground measurements from the Peruvian Amazon 06 May 2019 - Student information - Typical forest ground measurements only sample small areas, whilst forest management decisions require precise information of the resources at local... Yunyu Tian Y (Yunyu) Tian Promovendus MSc thesis topic: Assessing the potential of open-geo data for monitoring urban social sustainability 03 May 2021 - Thesis subject - 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs) were adopted in 2015 by the United Nations (UN) for a sustainable future. However, many SDG indicators are not... Elise van Tilborg E (Elise) van Tilborg Lecturer & Study Advisor MGI MSc thesis topic: Mapping cashew plantations in Cote D’Ivoire 04 May 2021 - Thesis subject - This MSc thesis aims to map cashew plantation densities in the North of Cote D’Ivoire. Traditionally, cashew trees were planted by smallholder... MSc thesis topic: Monitoring ‘Regreening’ in the context of the ‘Regreening Africa’ project. 18 May 2021 - Thesis subject - This thesis is in collaboration with the World Agroforestry centre (ICRAF) and aims to monitor tree regrowth from farmer managed natural regeneration... Nandika Tsendbazar dr. NE (Nandika) Tsendbazar MSc thesis topic: Analysis of spatio-temporal changes of open space cultivation in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania 14 June 2021 - Thesis subject - Cities in sub-Saharan Africa are growing fast, posing major challenges to environmental protection and the supply of adequate shelter, food, water and... MSc thesis subject: Mapping irrigated agriculture in a complex landscape (Mozambique) 28 April 2020 - Student information - Smallholder irrigation is seen as a useful approach to improve agricultural productivity, increase food security, reduce poverty and increase... MSc Thesis topic: Garbage in garbage out? understanding the impact of training datasets on remote sensing based monitoring 29 April 2021 - Thesis subject - Remote sensing based land monitoring frequently uses training and calibration datasets to predict different aspects of the earth's cover, e.g.,... MSc Thesis topic: Investigating changes in the dryland ecosystems over the last 40 years and its causes 29 April 2021 - Thesis subject - Being one of the largest ecosystems of the Earth, drylands are home to many flora and fauna in addition to supporting the livelihoods of millions of... MSc Thesis topic: Investigating spatial variability in map quality 29 April 2021 - Thesis subject - The quality of remote sensing based land monitoring is often assessed statistical methods which gives an overall indication on how good the prediction... MSc thesis subject: Remote sensing based SDG indicator monitoring 08 May 2018 - Student information - The United Nations has recently adopted "Transforming our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development”. Comprising a set of 17... Joao Valente dr. JR (Joao) Pereira Valente Assistant Professor Msc thesis subject: A Deep Learning Approach for Detection of Poisonous Weeds in Wide Grasslands 05 July 2019 - Thesis subject - Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) shipped with on-board sensors have become an effective remote sensing (RS) tool in agriculture and environmental... Msc thesis subject: Flower blossom estimation from high resolution images acquired by an autonomous fleet of - ground and aerial - robots 05 July 2019 - Thesis subject - Autonomous robots shipped with on-board sensors have become an effective remote sensing tool in agriculture. Aerial robots have been mostly used for... MSc thesis topic: UAV-based Disease Detection in Grapevines Combining Multispectral Imagery and Artificial Intelligence 17 February 2021 - Thesis subject - UAVs are a rapid and efficient data gathering system when combined with Geographical information Systems (GIS) and Artificial Intelligence (AI). In... Judith Verstegen dr. JA (Judith) Verstegen Assistant Professor MSc thesis topic: Agent-based modelling of creative industry commodification in Indonesian Kampungs 20 April 2021 - Thesis subject - Creative industries are acknowledged to offer opportunities for socio-economic development of neighbourhoods (Booyens, 2012). Research into creative... MSc thesis topic: Assimilating Sentinel-1-derived forest disturbance alerts into a land use change simulation model 20 April 2021 - Thesis subject - The rainforest in the Congo Basin is under threat of disturbance by the expansion of agriculture, selective logging, and mining (Tyukavina et al.,... MSc thesis topic: Invasive plant species modelling with cellular automata 20 April 2021 - Thesis subject - Ecosystem services can be altered dramatically when the ecosystem is invaded by invasive plant species. Such species often facilitate their own... MSc thesis topic: Land use optimization, raster vs. vector representation 20 April 2021 - Thesis subject - The pressure on land, by e.g., requirements for producing food, feed, fibre and bioenergy, has led to debates about sustainable land use planning.... Corné Vreugdenhil LC (Corné) Vreugdenhil MSc Docent MSc thesis topic: Mapping the Green Landscape Structures 03 May 2021 - Thesis subject - Mammals and birds depend highly on the existence of green structures for foraging and nesting. Some species prefer dense forests while others use... Msc thesis subject: Monitoring the growth of Dutch forests using AHN and relate this to local soil characteristics 03 May 2019 - Student information - The height growth of trees follows a typical curve, where the height increment and the maximum height are highly influenced by the local soil... MSc thesis topic: Urban Green Volume Index based on the AHN dataset 03 May 2021 - Thesis subject - In an urbanizing society the importance for green in the city becomes more and more important. This thesis topic is on creating a new index or... Chenglong Zhang C (Chenglong) Zhang Promovendus MSc thesis topic: High-resolution UAV imagery for fruit counting in orchards utilizing deep learning 26 May 2021 - Thesis subject - Advances in sensor miniaturization are increasing the global popularity of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) in agriculture. In the context of smart... Twitter Whatsapp Linkedin Email
