Soil Hydro-Physics Laboratory
The Soil Hydro-Physics (SHP) lab is part of Wageningen University and Research (WUR). Thereby the lab is an integral part of the research and advisory work done in the field of 'soil-water-atmosphere'. In the lab we analyse soil samples on, mostly water, gas and nutrients flow and retention. A few examples are the soil water retention (pF), hydraulic conductivity, water stress phenomena, soil structure issues and capillary water.
What can you come to us for
You can come to us if you want standard measurements done, the results of which will be looked at critically; but also if you are looking for a modified and/or special measurement procedure. Thanks to the organizational structure of Wageningen University & Research, we can easily look for contacts for you in other departments/groups, e.g. Remote Sensing, Ecology, Water Management, Land Restructuring or Animal Science.
How are we unique?
The Soil Hydro-Physics lab is a combination of a research lab and a standard lab, and part of an institute of knowledge - so both basic knowledge of the methods as well as understanding of the theory behind them is available. With this knowledge and experience you can always be assured of sound analysis results, and you have a partner who can really understand your research question(s). The combination of these conditions and the extensive variety of measurements that we can do is unique in the Netherlands.
Examples of projects conducted in the lab
The soil physical lab is frequently used in big research projects, e.g. large EU projects, the failure of the Wilnis dike, the pilot for the waterstorage area Salland, calibration measurements for the KNMI, pilots for under water drains in the peat meadow areas, and building of soil physical properties databases such as the Staring series and Priapus-BIS. The lab is also often used for Phd research projects, for example research into the effects of forest fires on soil water conductivity and water repellency.
What is our ambition and motivation?
As managers of the lab we take care that the facilities are kept modern and up-to-date. We are always looking for new techniques and ways to improve exiting methodologies in order to be of greatest service to our clients.
Who is this facility for?
Do you need laboratory facilities, but do you think they are too expensive to maintain? Or do you want to let your own personnel perform experiments, but don't you have the necessary facilities? The Soil Hydro-Physics Laboratory gives you the opportunity to use its climate controlled rooms and associated equipment for general use. All interested people not related to Wageningen University & Research, or users not belonging to the fixed group of lab users within Wageningen University & Research can make use of the facilities. Under 'Orders' you will find the terms of use in the so-called 'Gebruiksovereenkomst' as well as an overview of the prices.
Why do we make our facilities public accessible?
Well-equipped laboratories are of great importance to Wageningen University & Research as our research depends on it. By making the lab widely known as well as public accessible for a small fee, we think this makes us capable to keep the facilities at a higher level of maintenance and in a modern state. In addition, it promotes the mutual exchange of knowledge. Both aspects are beneficial for new users as well as for existing users.
Workaround
Do you want to make use of the lab, then please contact one of the lab controllers as mentioned in the Contact tab. After consultation we determine the required experiments and the period in which they have to be performed. Once this period is determined it will be compulsory since other reservations must not be affected. Next, the 'Gebruiksovereenkomst' must be completed and send to us. We assume you have the right skills to operate the equipment. If not, then we will make a mutual agreement in which we provide you with the needed support to complement your knowledge. The required forms are available under 'Orders'.
Don't want to do it yourself?
If you rather let our experienced personnel do the experiments, then this is possible at all times. In that case the 'Gebruiksovereenkomst' doesn't have to be completed.
Orders
Orders can be made by completing the order form and mailing this form to one of the lab controllers. The lab controller will contact you about planning and reservations. If you want to do your experiments yourself AND if you are not a Wageningen University & Research employee, please also complete the Gebruiksovereenkomst.
If you want to do your experiments yourself, we assume you have the right skills to operate the equipment. If not, then we will make a mutual agreement in which we provide you with the needed support to complement your knowledge.
More information
In the soil hydro physics lab there are regularly possibilities to do a master thesis project or a research practice project. In the following you can read about some potential topics. This is just a selection of possibilities, in case you are interested in doing a thesis or research project here, please contact Loes van Schaik for an orientation discussion.
Improve soil hydrology with organic amendments and earthworms
Climate change leads to more frequent drought and high intensity rainfall events. In recent years, arable production suffered from both, with droughts being particularly impactful on sandy soils. Innovations are needed to prevent freshwater reserves from being depleted and crop production from being water-limited. Against this background we wish to design measures to improve infiltration and soil water retention through selective amendment of organic matter that promotes soil water. However, we do not know which quality of organic matter is particularly effective in promoting soil water retention. Additionally earthworms in combination with organic matter might speed up soil structure formation and enhance the influence of organic amendments on soil water retention. In this thesis study, you will design an experimental set-up to test several types of organic matter and or earthworm compositions on their capacity to improve soil water retention.
Use of salts for pF measurements
For many types of Soil Physical measurements to be compared properly, the soil should be brought to a certain pF value. This can for example be done at a sandbox or in in a pressure chamber. However, these methods are often not suitable for soil samples that are in the form of aggregates of other shapes. In literature the option is proposed to use a salt solution in a closed chamber and to use Vapor Equilibration to bring soil samples to a certain pF value. First experiments in our Soil Hydro Physics laboratory have been done and give promising results. further development of this method could be a master thesis topic.
K050- unsaturated conductivity measurement
Unsaturated hydraulic conductivity is difficult to measure. A new measurement set up has been developed to measure the hydraulic conductivity at small suctions ( 50cm<h<0cm). This set up has still to be tested in the laboratory. For a student interested in soil physical measurement methods this would be a nice bachelor or master topic.
Microplastics in urban environments
Microplastics cause a high degree of concern worldwide, since they are poorly controlled. This pollutant is studied a lot in aquatic environments and more recently also agricultural soils. However, there are few studies involving microplastics in urban spaces. In this context, there are still various potential research questions for a bachelor or master student, such as quantification of the local distribution of microplastics according to different vegetation characteristics or improvement of the laboratory methods for extraction and quantification of microplastics.
Determinations performed in the Soil Hydro-Physics lab can be divided into four themes.
Conductivity
Determination of the saturated and unsaturated conductivity.
Conductivity Measurements
- Drip infiltrometer: Determination of unsaturated hydraulic conductivity characteristic
Pressure head range: from -1 to – 100 cm - Ksat -Constant head: Determination of saturated hydraulic conductivity. NEN5789.
Pressure head range: 0 cm (saturated) - Ksat - Deformation: Determination of saturated hydraulic conductivity as a function of soil deformation c.q. bi-axial strain
- Ksat -Falling head: Determination of saturated hydraulic conductivity of low permeable soils. Pressure head range: 0 cm (saturated)
- Multi compartment sampler: For measuring water fluxes at a high spatial resolution (100 separate cells, 3.1 x 3.1 cm)
- Capillary rise: Determination of capillary rise given a certain amount of evaporation, using evaporation method.
Pressure head range: from 0 to – 800 cm - Gravimetrical method: Determination of water content and dry bulk density Pressure head range: arbitrary. NEN5781/ISO11272
- Evaporation method: Determination of water retention characteristic and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity.
Pressure head range:from 0 to – 800 cm. NEN5791/ISO11275 - Multistep: Determination of water retention characteristic and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity.
Pressure head range: from 0 to – 1000 cm
Gas
Measurements of fluxes and contents of greenhouse gasses in a soil column.
Gas Measurements
- Greenhouse gas measurements: Measuring greenhouse gas fluxes of different greenhouse gases (N2O, CO2, CH4) from (un)disturbed samples using a photo-acoustic infrared multi-gas monitor
- Oxygen profile method: Determination of O2 profiles in soil samples as a function of water content and time
Retention
Determination of the retention curve / pF-curve, waterrepellency, shrinkage and capillary rise of soil samples.
Retention Measurements
- Polymer Tensiometer: Measuring matric pressures in soil up to -1.6 MPa. Water filled tensiometers function only up to –0.085 MPa (link to PDF infosheet; 27,4 Kb)
- Hanging water column: Determination of water retention characteristic (including hysteresis).
Pressure head range: from -5 to – 200 cm NEN5786/ISO11274 - Kaolin box: Determination of water retention characteristic (drying or wetting cycle). NEN5787/ISO11274
- MAPHSS: Method with Automatically imposed Pressure Heads on Soil Samples. Fully automatic determination of water retention characteristic (including hysteresis). Pressure head range: from -0.5 to – 600 cm
- Pressure cells: Determination of water retention characteristic (drying cycle). NEN5788/ISO11274
- Sand Box: Determination of water retention characteristic (drying or wetting cycle). NEN5787/ISO11274
- Suction Plate: Determination of water retention characteristic (drying or wetting cycle)
- Water repellency Alcohol% test: Determination of soil water repellency, making use of increasing alcohol percentages: the higher the alcohol percentage needed to infiltrate a dilution drop in 5 sec. the more water repellent.
- Water repellency Critical Soil Water Content: Determination of water content below which soil is water repellent and above which it is wettable
- Water repellency WDPT-test: Quantifying water repellency by determining the Water Drop Penetration Time of 3 water drops on soil samples.
- Water repellency Wetting Rate: Measurement of the rate of wetting of dry soil samples
- Evaporation method: Determination of water retention characteristic and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity.
Pressure head range: from 0 to – 800 cm. NEN5791/ISO11275 - Multistep: Determination of water retention characteristic and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity.
Pressure head range: from 0 to – 1000 cm - Oxygen profile method: Determination of O2 profiles in soil samples as a function of water content and time
- Shrinkage Characteristics: Determination of shrinkage by measuring weights and volumes of peat and clay soil samples during evaporation.
- Capillary rise: Determination of capillary rise given a certain amount of evaporation, using evaporation method.
- Gravimetrical method: Determination of water content and dry bulk density. NEN5781/ISO11272
Structure and Texture
Determination of the properties that characterize a good structured soil.
Structure and Texture Measurements
- Aggregate Stability: Determination of stability of soil aggregates in wet sieving apparatus
- Atterberg limits: Determination of the Plasticity Limit, Liquid Limit with the Casagrande apparatus, and the Plasticity Index.
- Gravimetrical method: Determination of water content and dry bulk density. NEN5781/ISO11272
- Organic Matter: Determination of Glow Loss and a near approximation of Organic Matter. NEN5754
- Pore Volume: Determination of the volume of the pores in undisturbed soil samples
- Texture analysis: Determination of the grain size distribution with the pipette method and by sieving
- Uniaxial test (compression test): Determination of compression and pressure head in time at different applied mechanical forces up to 7 bar
- X-ray Tomography: Determination of 3D pore structure of various porous media
The Soil Hydro-Physics lab is used for different kinds of research. Here you will find a selection of recent and current lab-related research.
Reference Samples for soil physics measurements
In close collaboration with University of Liege, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, the Soil Hydro-Physics lab is trying to develop reference samples that could allow us to cross check our measuring techniques, perform quality controls and detect abnormal discrepancies between devices.
This project gains towards intercomparison of soil physics lab measurements and improve the measurements quality. Soil physics lab measurements mostly involve undisturbed soil samples. The readings are of course dependent on the soil properties, but they can also be affected by the measurement devices and procedures. The repeated wetting, drying, heating cycles operated in the soil physics measurements are challenging because the reference samples should remain as stable through time as possible and avoid clogging by microbial development or nanoparticles.
Lab, field versus Remote Sensing
Clay soils have the specific property to swell upon wetting and shrink when drying out. This causes very small, but measureable, soil surface elevation, which can be linked to the soil water content. Driven by a need to measure soil water storage on large scales and with a high resolution, Bram te Brake of the Soil Physics and Land Management group of Wageningen University, currently studies the possibilities to measure clay swell and shrinkage on large scales to estimate soil water storage change. The nested scales of the soil physical processes involved ask for an innovative combination of small scale laboratory measurements, field data collection and remote sensing techniques.
Large scale measurements in hydrology and soil physics nowadays highly rely on remote sensing techniques. Satellite based Radar Interferometry (InSAR) is a technique capable of measuring mm to cm scale surface elevation changes. These can result from clay swell and shrinkage. The specific property of clay to swell and shrink, combined with its mineralogical and hydraulic properties, make that relations between soil moisture content, soil volume and soil moisture sensor output are not straightforward.
The soil physics laboratory facilitated techniques to establish the relation between soil water content, shrinkage cracks and sensor output. Field measurements and measurements in the soil physics laboratory were carried out to quantify the relation between clay aggregate volume and water content. Both measurements show a highly linear relation between volume and water content of the soil. This relation can be used to convert surface elevation changes to soil water content changes.
The possibilities and limitations of this approach using Radar Interferometry are investigated. The study shows great potential for this new application, although limitations arise in vegetated areas. Careful selection of measurement sites is therefore required. Upcoming data analysis techniques and satellite missions can boost the use of Radar Interferometry in soil physical research. Soil physical laboratory and field measurements play a crucial role to revealing the underlying processes and calibrate and validate remote sensing observations.
Earthworms increase greenhouse-gas emissions
Earthworms play an essential part in determining the greenhouse-gas balance of soils worldwide, and their influence is expected to grow over the next decades. They are thought to stimulate carbon sequestration in soil aggregates, but also to increase emissions of the main greenhouse gases carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide. Hence, it remains highly controversial whether earthworms predominantly affect soils to act as a net source or sink of greenhouse gases. This research of Ingrid Lubbers, Lijbert Brussaard and Jan Willem van Groenigen is published in Nature Climate Change.
Earthworms increase greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from soils, reveals new research published in the current issue of Nature Climate Change. The overall increase is severe: 33% for carbon dioxide (CO2) and 42% for nitrous oxide (N2O). “This is bad news for our battle against global warming,” said Ingrid Lubbers, PhD candidate in the Soil Biology group of Wageningen University, part of Wageningen UR, and lead author of the study. "Earthworms may help us to produce more food through improving soil fertility, but by doing so they also contribute to global warming by increasing GHG emissions from soils".
Lubbers, along with colleagues from Trinity College Dublin, the University of California at Davis and the International Center for Tropical Agriculture in Cali, Colombia, gathered all relevant published research to date: 57 different experiments. The common theme in the experiments was that they all measured how earthworms influence the net soil GHG emissions of CO2 and/or N2O, as well as their influence on soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks.
A statistical technique called meta-analysis allowed the research team to discern overall patters in the huge body of experimental data. “The claims on the effects of earthworms on soil GHG emissions in the literature varied widely," explained Dr Jan Willem van Groenigen of Wageningen University and co-author of the study. “For N2O, the story appeared to be relatively clear: our own experimental studies, as well as those of other research groups, strongly suggested that earthworms increase emissions of this GHG. For carbon, the publication record showed conflicting views. Some studies reported increases in CO2 emissions, whereas others suggested that earthworms might stimulate carbon sequestration in SOC, thereby neutralizing or even overcompensating the effects on N2O".
However, after analysing the data a clear pattern was observed: "Earthworms increase emissions of CO2 (33%) as well as N2O (42%), and there are no indications that they affect SOC stocks in soils”, says Kees Jan van Groenigen, research fellow at Trinity College Dublin and co-author of the study.
Earthworms probably increase GHG emissions through a combination of mechanisms, as they change the soil environment in many different ways. They mix organic plant residues in the soil, which may increase decomposition and CO2 emissions. Moreover, the earthworm gut also acts as a microbial incubator, boosting the activity of N2O-producing microbes. Finally, by burrowing through the soil, earthworms make it easier for GHGs in the soil to flow to the atmosphere.
The research team found more detailed patterns. “Earthworms stimulated N2O emissions most strongly in soils with high SOC contents,” explained Professor Johan Six of the University of California and co-author of the study, “this suggests that earthworm-induced N2O emissions can be a side effect of increased soil C inputs, such as rhizodeposits from plant roots or litter incorporation, and it raises the question whether earthworm-induced N2O emissions are an inevitable consequence of earthworm-induced C sequestration as well."
"This is important information for our fight against global warming", Jan Willem van Groenigen continued. "Soils are a major player in regulating global warming. There is more C in SOC than in atmospheric CO2, and agricultural soils are by far the largest source of N2O emissions, because these soils receive large amounts of N fertilization. Small changes in soil GHG dynamics can therefore have important repercussions for global warming. It is rather unfortunate that earthworm presence, which we try to stimulate in sustainable agriculture due to their positive effect on soil fertility, at the same time has an unwanted effect on GHG emissions".
However, the earthworm/GHG knot is far from being disentangled. Many questions remain: it is not yet clear to what extent stimulating effects of earthworms on plant growth can negate earthworm-induced increases in GHG emissions. “Our literature search also pointed out a large gap in the published studies. We need more experiments that include growing plants, as well as more long-term studies and more field studies before we can decide to what extent global worming leads to global warming,” Lubbers concluded.
Article: Lubbers IM, Van Groenigen KJ, Fonte SJ, Six J, Brussaard L and Van Groenigen JW. 2012. Greenhouse gas emissions from soils increased by earthworms. Nature Climate Change.
Exploring the relationship between soil mesofauna, soil structure and N2O emissions.
We analysed soil structural parameters using X-ray tomography to explain the role of soil mesofauna in nitrous oxide emissions (N2O) from agricultural soil. The experiment was set up in the Soil Physics Laboratory:
Potworms, fungivorous mites and predatory mites were introduced into the microcosms (and all of their combinations):
N2O and also CO2 fluxes were measured with a static closed chamber technique, type 1302 multi gas monitor (Brüel & Kjaer, Naerum, Denmark).
Potworms accelerated peak N2O emissions, but neither fungivorous mites nor predatory mites nor their interactions had a significant effect on N20 emissions.
Soil scanning (X-ray tomography) was performed using the v[tome]x m (Phoenix X-ray/General Electric). Potworms clearly affected the soil structure by increasing the volumetric air content and altering the pore size distribution. In addition, visual observations indicate a more continuous pore network in the soil microcosms when potworms are present:
In conclusion: soil structure is an important pathway driving faunal-induced N2O emissions, and soil ecosystem engineers such as potworms disproportionally affect N2O emissions as compared to other soil fauna.
Reference:
Porre RJ, Van Groenigen JW, De Deyn GB, De Goede RGM, Lubbers IM (2016) Exploring the relationship between soil mesofauna, soil structure and N2O emissions. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 96:55-64.
Soil Hydro-Physics sampling site more accurate with sensor technology.
The Dutch Soil Information System (SIS), which is part of the Key Registration Subsurface (BRO), includes a representative database of Soil Hydro-Physics (ShP) data of the Netherlands. The Soil, Water, Land use team of Wageningen Environmental Research (WENR) has been busy updating this data in the past year. This includes field sampling and analyzing new samples in the lab. The sampling locations are usually selected based on existing soil maps and profile data in BRO/SIS. To improve this methodology and to make it smarter, sensor technology has been used. An important goal for 2016 was sampling of heavy-loam soils, because their representation in the BRO is relatively low.
To be more sure about the occurrence of the heavy loam soils during sampling, two test location were selected for a trial. On these locations the most optimal sampling point is determined within the chosen plot by means of sensor technology. With the gammaspectrometer of Medusa Explorations the texture of the topsoil was measured in situ.
A gammaspectrometer measures the natural radioactivity of the soil (0-30 cm), which is related to the texture of the soil. The measurement data are converted to clay content, and texture classes, using a general correlation for the Netherlands.
Based on this data in both cases the sample point, that was initially selected based on data in BIS and the soil map, was moved over short distances.
The clay contents, as predicted by the gammaspectrometer, differs by 0.5% with the lab measured clay contents. The use of the sensor reduced the risk of "failures" in the field. A very good result and a useful application of sensor technology.
Literature
Van Der Klooster, E., F. M. van Egmond, M. P. W. Sonneveld, 2011. Mapping soil clay contents in Dutch marine districts using gamma‐ray spectrometry. European Journal of Soil Science, Vol.62(5), pp.743-753
A selection of literature that was partly produced through experiments conducted at the Soil Hydro-Physical Laboratory of Wageningen University & Research.
- Measuring Hydraulic Conductivity to Wilting Point Using Polymer Tensiometers in an Evaporation Experiment
Durigon, A. , Gooren, H.P.A. , van Lier, Q.D. , Metselaar, K. (2011) - Averaging Performance of Capacitance and Time Domain Reflectometry Sensors in Nonuniform Wetted Sand Profiles
van den Elsen, H.G.M. , Ritsema, C.J. , Seeger, M. , Keesstra, S.D. (2014) - Reproducibility of the wet part of the soil water retention curve : A European interlaboratory comparison
Guillaume, Benjamin , Aroui Boukbida, Hanane , Bakker, Gerben , Bieganowski, Andrzej , Brostaux, Yves , Cornelis, Wim , Durner, Wolfgang , Hartmann, Christian , Iversen, Bo V. , Javaux, Mathieu , Ingwersen, Joachim , Lamorski, Krzysztof , Lamparter, Axel , Makó, András , Mingot Soriano, Ana María , Messing, Ingmar , Nemes, Attila , Pomes-Bordedebat, Alexandre , van der Ploeg, Martine , Weber, Tobias Karl David , Weihermüller, Lutz , Wellens, Joost , Degré, Aurore (2023) - Microplastics in the terrestrial ecosystem: Implications for Lumbricus terrestris (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae)
Huerta Lwanga, Esperanza , Gertsen, H.F. , Gooren, H. , Peters, P.D. , Salanki, T.E. , van der Ploeg, M.J.C. , Besseling, E. , Koelmans, A.A. , Geissen, V. (2016) - Biochar application does not improve the soil hydrological function of a sandy soil
Jeffery, S. , Meinders, M.B.J. , Stoof, C.R. , Bezemer, T.M. , van de Voorde, T.F.J. , Mommer, L. , van Groenigen, J.W. (2015) - Exploring the relationship between soil mesofauna, soil structure and N2O emissions
Porre, R.J. , van Groenigen, J.W. , de Deyn, G.B. , de Goede, R.G.M. , Lubbers, I.M. (2016) - Soil surface changes increase runoff and erosion risk after a low–moderate severity fire
Stoof, C.R. , Ferreira, A.J.D. , Mol, W. , van den Berg, J. , De Kort, A. , Drooger, S. , Slingerland, E.C. , Mansholt, A.U. , Ritsema, C.J. (2015) - Preferential flow as a potential mechanism for fire-induced increase in streamflow
Stoof, C.R. , Slingerland, E.C. , Mol, W. , van den Berg, J. , Vermeulen, P.J. , Ferreira, A.J.D. , Ritsema, C.J. , Parlange, J.Y. , Steenhuis, T.S. (2014) - Unsaturated hydraulic properties of xerophilous mosses: towards implementation of moss covered soils in hydrological models
Voortman, B.R. , Bartholomeus, R.P. , van Bodegom, P.M. , Gooren, H.P.A. , van der Zee, S.E.A.T.M. , Witte, J.P.M. (2014)